Narration এ Backshift Rule

আগের lesson-এ তুমি শিখেছ:

Narration Change এর 6টি step:

• Step 1: Quotation mark বাদ দাও
• Step 2: Reporting verb change করো
• Step 3: that যোগ করো
• Step 4: Pronoun change করো
• Step 5: Tense change করো
• Step 6: Time/place change করো

প্রথম চারটি শিখেছি। আজকে Step 5: Tense change শিখবো। 

এই sentence-টা দেখো:

• He said, “I am tired.”

এবার indirect form দেখো:

• He said that he was tired.

এখানে কী change হয়েছে

• Verb change হয়েছে:
• am হয়েছে was

Rule 1: Reporting Verb Past হলে Tense Usually Changes

যখন reporting verb past হয়, তখন tense সাধারণত এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।

এটাই backshift rule।

Common Changes 

 V1 থাকলে হয় V2

Examples:

• do   থাকলে হয় did
• go   থাকলে হয় went
• am/ is/ are  থাকলে হয় was/ were
• have/ has  থাকলে হয় had
• shall/ will  থাকলে হয় would
• can  থাকলে হয় could
• may  থাকলে হয় might
• must  থাকলে হয় had to

V2 থাকলে হয় had + V3

• was/ were   থাকলে হয় had been
• did  থাকলে হয় had done
• went  থাকলে হয় had gone

এটাই narration-এর সবচেয়ে important idea-গুলোর একটি।

Backshift কী

• Backshift মানে tense এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।

সহজ idea:

• Present যায় Past-এ
• Past যায় Past Perfect-এ

অর্থাৎ direct speech থেকে indirect speech-এ গেলে verb অনেক সময় এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।

এখন আমরা example দিয়ে একে একে বুঝি।

• V1 to V2

Example 1

He said, “I feel tired.”
He said that he felt tired.

এখানে:

• feel হয়েছে felt
• অর্থাৎ verb এক ধাপ পিছিয়েছে।

Example 2

He said, “I am tired.”
He said that he was tired.

এখানে

• said past।
• তাই tense change হয়েছে।

will to would

Example 1

He said, “I will come.”
He said that he would come.

Example 2

Mina said, “I will help you.”
Mina said that she would help me.

Example 2

Rafi said, “I can do it.”
Rafi said that he could do it.

তাই:

can হয় could

may to might

Example 1

He said, “I may go.”
He said that he might go.

Example 2

She said, “I may visit you.”
She said that she might visit me.

তাই:

may হয় might

তাই মনে রাখো:

• V1 এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে V2 হয়
• এই main rule-টাই আগে ভালোভাবে মনে রাখো।

V2 to had plus V3

যখন direct speech-এ verb আগে থেকেই past form-এ থাকে, তখন তা আরও এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে had plus V3 হয়।

Example 1

He said, “I went to school.”
He said that he had gone to school.

এখানে:

went হয়েছে had gone

Example 2

Rina said, “I saw the bird.”
Rina said that she had seen the bird.

এখানে:

• saw হয়েছে had seen

Example 3

The boy said, “I ate the mango.”
The boy said that he had eaten the mango.

এখানে:

• ate হয়েছে had eaten

তাই মনে রাখো:

• V2 এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে had plus V3 হয়

Rule 2: Reporting verb present হলে tense সাধারণত change হয় না।

Example 1

He says, “I am tired.”
He says that he is tired.

এখানে

• says present।
• তাই tense change হয়নি।

Example 2

Rafi says, “I have finished my homework.”
Rafi says that he has finished his homework.

• তাই প্রথমে reporting verb check করো।
• যদি present হয়, সাধারণত backshift কোরো না।

একটি Sentence Step by Step

এখন sentence-টা ভালোভাবে দেখি।

Sentence:

He said, “I am tired.”

Step 1

Reporting verb check করো।

এটি said।

Step 2

said past, তাই backshift দরকার।

Step 3

am এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে was হবে।

Step 4

I হবে he।

Final answer:

He said that he was tired.

আরেকটি Step by Step Example

Sentence:

The boy said, “I went home.”

Step 1

Reporting verb check করো।

এটি said।

Step 2

said past, তাই backshift দরকার।

Step 3

went past form, তাই এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে had gone হবে।

Step 4

I হবে he।

Final answer:

The boy said that he had gone home.

Universal Truth Rule

যদি reported speech universal truth, scientific fact, বা proverb হয়, তাহলে tense সাধারণত change হয় না।

Example 1

The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”

The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Example 2

The scientist said, “Water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.”

The scientist said that water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.

Example 3

Father said, “Honesty is the best policy.”

Father said that honesty is the best policy.

Explanation:

এগুলো general truth।

তাই এগুলোতে backshift হয় না।

Past Perfect Rule

Past perfect সাধারণত আর change হয় না।

কেন

কারণ past perfect আগেই অতীতের আগের কাজ বোঝায়।

তাই এটি সাধারণত আর এক ধাপ পিছোয় না।

Example 1

He said, “I had finished my work.”

He said that he had finished his work.

Example 2

Mina said, “I had seen the film before.”

Mina said that she had seen the film before.

Example 3

The boy said, “I had gone there.”

The boy said that he had gone there.

তাই মনে রাখো:

had plus V3 সাধারণত same থাকে

সবচেয়ে Important দুইটি Exception

দুই জায়গায় backshift সাধারণত হয় না:

Universal truth

Past perfect

এই দুইটি exception মনে রাখলে অনেক ভুল এড়ানো যাবে।

Common Mistakes

Mistake 1

Reporting verb past হলেও backshift না করা।

Wrong:

He said that he is tired.

Correct:

He said that he was tired.

Mistake 2

Reporting verb present হলেও backshift করা।

Wrong:

He says that he was tired.

Correct:

He says that he is tired.

Mistake 3

V2 থেকে had plus V3 না করা।

Wrong:

He said that he went home.

Correct:

He said that he had gone home.

Mistake 4

Universal truth অকারণে change করা।

Wrong:

The teacher said that the earth moved round the sun.

Correct:

The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Mistake 5

Past perfect আবার change করা।

Wrong:

He said that he had had finished the work.

Correct:

He said that he had finished the work.

Quick Revision

এই backshift ruleগুলো মনে রাখো:

Reporting verb present হলে tense সাধারণত change হয় না।

Reporting verb past হলে tense সাধারণত এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।

V1 হয় V2।

V2 হয় had plus V3।

am, is, are হয় was, were।

have, has হয় had।

will হয় would।

can হয় could।

may হয় might।

Universal truth সাধারণত change হয় না।

Past perfect সাধারণত same থাকে।

Practice

A. Indirect speech-এ change করো

1. He said, “I am happy.”

2. Mina said, “I like mangoes.”

3. The boy said, “I have finished my homework.”

4. Rafi said, “I went to Dhaka.”

5. The girl said, “I will come.”

6. He said, “I can help you.”

7. Mina said, “I may go there.”

8. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”

9. He said, “I had finished my work.”

10. She said, “I saw the bird.”

B. Fill in the blanks

1. Reporting verb past হলে tense সাধারণত এক ধাপ ______ যায়

2. V1 সাধারণত হয় ______

3. V2 সাধারণত হয় ______ plus V3

4. will সাধারণত হয় ______

5. can সাধারণত হয় ______

6. may সাধারণত হয় ______

7. Universal truth সাধারণত ______ হয় না

8. Past perfect সাধারণত ______ থাকে

C. সঠিক উত্তর বেছে নাও

1. Narration এ am সাধারণত হয়

   was

   had

   would

2. Narration এ went সাধারণত হয়

   go

   had gone

   would go

3. Narration এ have সাধারণত হয়

   had

   has

   was

4. Universal truth সাধারণত

   past হয়

   change হয় না

   future হয়

5. Past perfect সাধারণত

   আবার change হয়

   same থাকে

   V2 হয়

Answers

A.

1. He said that he was happy.

2. Mina said that she liked mangoes.

3. The boy said that he had finished his homework.

4. Rafi said that he had gone to Dhaka.

5. The girl said that she would come.

6. He said that he could help me.

7. Mina said that she might go there.

8. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

9. He said that he had finished his work.

10. She said that she had seen the bird.

B.

1. পিছিয়ে

2. V2

3. had

4. would

5. could

6. might

7. change

8. same

C.

1. was

2. had gone

3. had

4. change হয় না

5. same থাকে

Self Check

এখন নিজেকে জিজ্ঞেস করো:

আমি কি backshift কী তা বলতে পারি

আমি কি বুঝি কখন backshift দরকার

আমি কি V1 থেকে V2 করতে পারি

আমি কি V2 থেকে had plus V3 করতে পারি

আমি কি universal truth আর past perfect exception মনে রাখতে পারি

Homework

নিজে ছয়টি direct speech sentence লেখো এই verbগুলো দিয়ে:

play

am

have finished

went

will go

can swim

তারপর backshift rule follow করে সেগুলো indirect speech-এ change করো।