Narration এ Tense-এর Special Rules
What You Will Learn
এই lesson-এ তুমি শিখবে:
এই দুইটি sentence দেখো:
The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
He said, “I had finished my work.”
He said that he had finished his work.
এখন ভালো করে দেখো।
প্রথম sentence-এ moves change হয়নি।
দ্বিতীয় sentence-এ had finished-ও change হয়নি।
কেন change হয়নি
কারণ এগুলো special case।
Narration-এ আমরা অনেক সময় backshift করি। কিন্তু সব sentence একই rule follow করে না। কিছু sentence special rule follow করে।
এই Lesson কেন Important
আগের lesson-এ তুমি শিখেছ reporting verb past হলে tense সাধারণত এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।
এই rule ঠিক।
কিন্তু অনেক student সব sentence-এ একইভাবে change করতে যায়। তখন ভুল হয়।
যেমন তারা লিখতে পারে:
The teacher said that the earth moved round the sun.
He said that he had had finished his work.
Basic narration rule অনুযায়ী এগুলো ভুল।
তাই special case আলাদা করে ভালোভাবে শিখতে হবে।
দুইটি Important Special Case
এই lesson-এ আমরা দুইটি important special case শিখব:
Universal truth
Past perfect
এই দুইটি সাধারণত change হয় না।
Special Case 1: Universal Truth
যদি reported speech universal truth, scientific fact, natural law, বা proverb বোঝায়, তাহলে tense সাধারণত change হয় না।
সহজ idea:
Universal truth সবসময় সত্য।
আগেও সত্য ছিল, এখনো সত্য, পরেও সত্য থাকবে।
তাই আমরা সাধারণত এটাকে backshift করি না।
Universal truth-এর example:
The earth moves round the sun
Water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius
The sun rises in the east
Honesty is the best policy
Example 1
Direct:
The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Indirect:
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
Explanation:
moves, moved হয়নি
কারণ এটি scientific fact
Example 2
Direct:
The scientist said, “Water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.”
Indirect:
The scientist said that water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.
Explanation:
boils change হয়নি
কারণ এটি scientific fact
Example 3
Direct:
Father said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
Indirect:
Father said that honesty is the best policy.
Explanation:
is, was হয়নি
কারণ এটি proverb বা general truth
Example 4
Direct:
The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
Indirect:
The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
Explanation:
rises একই আছে
কারণ এটি সবসময় সত্য
তাই মনে রাখো:
Universal truth সাধারণত change হয় না।
কীভাবে Universal Truth চিনবে
নিজেকে জিজ্ঞেস করো:
এটি কি সবসময় সত্য
এটি কি scientific fact
এটি কি natural law
এটি কি proverb বা general truth
যদি answer yes হয়, তাহলে tense সাধারণত same থাকবে।
Special Case 2: Past Perfect
Past perfect সাধারণত narration-এ change হয় না।
Past perfect form:
had plus V3
সহজ idea:
Past perfect আগেই past before past বোঝায়।
তাই এটাকে সাধারণত আর এক ধাপ পিছাতে হয় না।
Example 1
Direct:
He said, “I had finished my work.”
Indirect:
He said that he had finished his work.
Explanation:
had finished একই আছে
Example 2
Direct:
Mina said, “I had seen the film before.”
Indirect:
Mina said that she had seen the film before.
Explanation:
had seen একই আছে
Example 3
Direct:
The boy said, “I had gone there.”
Indirect:
The boy said that he had gone there.
Explanation:
had gone আবার change হয়নি
Example 4
Direct:
She said, “I had written the letter.”
Indirect:
She said that she had written the letter.
Explanation:
had written একই আছে
তাই মনে রাখো:
Past perfect সাধারণত same থাকে।
Past Perfect কেন Usually Change হয় না
Past perfect আগেই অতীতের আগের কাজ বোঝায়।
অর্থাৎ এটি already enough back-এ আছে।
তাই সাধারণত এটাকে আর change করা হয় না।
একটি Sentence Step by Step
এখন একটি universal truth sentence ভালোভাবে দেখি।
Sentence:
The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Step 1
Reporting verb check করো।
এটি said, তাই past।
Step 2
Normally backshift আশা করা যায়।
Step 3
কিন্তু reported speech একটি scientific fact।
Step 4
তাই tense change হবে না।
Final answer:
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
আরেকটি Step by Step Example
Sentence:
He said, “I had finished my work.”
Step 1
Reporting verb check করো।
এটি said, তাই past।
Step 2
Normally backshift আশা করা যায়।
Step 3
কিন্তু verb আগে থেকেই past perfect:
had finished
Step 4
Past perfect সাধারণত same থাকে।
Final answer:
He said that he had finished his work.
Normal Rule আর Special Case Compare করো
Normal backshift:
He said, “I am tired.”
He said that he was tired.
Special case, universal truth:
The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
Special case, past perfect:
He said, “I had finished my work.”
He said that he had finished his work.
এই comparison খুব important।
Common Mistakes
Mistake 1
Universal truth অকারণে change করা।
Wrong:
The teacher said that the earth moved round the sun.
Correct:
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
Mistake 2
Proverb অকারণে change করা।
Wrong:
Father said that honesty was the best policy.
Correct:
Father said that honesty is the best policy.
Mistake 3
Past perfect আবার change করা।
Wrong:
He said that he had had finished his work.
Correct:
He said that he had finished his work.
Mistake 4
Exception ভুলে যাওয়া।
কিছু student সব sentence-এ এক ধাপ back rule apply করে।
এতে ভুল হয়।
Quick Revision
এই দুইটি special case মনে রাখো:
Universal truth সাধারণত change হয় না।
Past perfect সাধারণত same থাকে।
Examples:
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
He said that he had finished his work.
Practice
A. Indirect speech-এ change করো
1. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
2. The scientist said, “Water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.”
3. Father said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
4. He said, “I had finished my homework.”
5. Mina said, “I had seen the bird before.”
6. The boy said, “I had gone to school.”
7. The teacher said, “Practice makes a man perfect.”
8. She said, “I had written the answer.”
B. সঠিক form লেখো
1. The teacher said that the earth ______ round the sun.
2. He said that he had ______ his work.
3. Father said that honesty ______ the best policy.
4. Mina said that she had ______ the letter.
C. সঠিক answer বেছে নাও
1. Universal truth সাধারণত
past হয়
change হয় না
future হয়
2. Past perfect সাধারণত
আবার change হয়
same থাকে
present হয়
3. “The sun rises in the east” হলো
past perfect
universal truth
future tense
Answers
A.
1. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
2. The scientist said that water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.
3. Father said that honesty is the best policy.
4. He said that he had finished his homework.
5. Mina said that she had seen the bird before.
6. The boy said that he had gone to school.
7. The teacher said that practice makes a man perfect.
8. She said that she had written the answer.
B.
1. moves
2. finished
3. is
4. written
C.
1. change হয় না
2. same থাকে
3. universal truth
Self Check
এখন নিজেকে জিজ্ঞেস করো:
আমি কি universal truth sentence চিনতে পারি
আমি কি বলতে পারি কেন universal truth change হয় না
আমি কি past perfect form চিনতে পারি
আমি কি মনে রাখতে পারি যে past perfect সাধারণত same থাকে
আমি কি এই দুইটি special case-এ ভুল এড়াতে পারি
Homework
Universal truth দিয়ে তিনটি direct speech sentence লেখো।
তারপর সেগুলো indirect speech-এ change করো।
Past perfect দিয়ে তিনটি direct speech sentence লেখো।
তারপর সেগুলো indirect speech-এ change করো।