Case

In English grammar, case primarily affects pronouns.

However, it's important to note that English has a relatively simplified case system compared to some other languages.

Here's a brief explanation of each case in English:

English has 6 pronouns in the nominative case: "I," "we," "he," "she," "they," and "who." "You" looks similar in both nominative and objective.

Examples of nominative case in sentence:

1. I am eating.
2. We see a bird.
3. He runs.
4. She is reading a book.
5. They are sleeping. 

Nominative case answers the question, ‘Who?’

• Who broke the bat?
• - Joe broke the bat

Use of Nominative Case

In English grammar, the nominative case (also known as the subjective case) is used for pronouns that function as the subject of a sentence or clause, or as predicate nominatives following linking verbs. Here are some rules to keep in mind when using the nominative case in English:

Subject of a sentence: The nominative case is used for pronouns that function as the subject of a sentence. 

1. I am going to the store.
2. He is reading a book.
3. We were happy to see you.

Subject of a clause: The nominative case is used for pronouns that function as the subject of a dependent clause within a larger sentence.

1. She said that she is ready.
2. They believe that it will rain.

Predicate nominative: The nominative case is used for pronouns that follow linking verbs and rename or describe the subject.

1. She is a doctor.
2. The winners were they.

Comparisons: The nominative case is used for pronouns in comparative constructions, such as when comparing two things or people.

1. She is taller than I (am).
2. He runs faster than they (do).

It's important to note that nouns in English generally do not change their form to indicate the nominative case. Only pronouns have distinct forms for the nominative, objective, and possessive cases.

By following these rules, you can use the nominative case correctly in English to indicate the subject or predicate nominative in a sentence.

Examples of objective case in sentence:

1. John gave me a gift.
2. Let us go.
3. They called him.
4. We like her for her honesty. 
5. Tell them to come in.

Objective case answers the question, ‘Whom?’

• Whom did you see?
• - I saw Joe.

Use of Objective Case

In English grammar, the objective case is used for pronouns that function as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of prepositions. Here are some rules to keep in mind when using the objective case in English:

Direct objects: The objective case is used for pronouns that receive the action of a transitive verb directly.

1. She saw him.
2. They invited us to the party.
3. I love her.

Indirect objects: The objective case is used for pronouns that receive the action of a verb indirectly, indicating to whom or for whom the action is done.

1. He gave me a gift.
2. She sent him a letter.
3. They bought us some food.

Objects of prepositions: The objective case is used for pronouns that follow prepositions in a sentence.

1. She sat next to me.
2. He went with them.
3. I have a present for her.

Infinitive complements: The objective case is used for pronouns that follow the base form of a verb (infinitive) as its object.

1. They asked me to help.
2. I want him to come.

Comparisons: The objective case is used for pronouns in comparative constructions when the pronoun is the object of the comparison.

1. She loves him more than me.
2. He invited me earlier than them.

It's important to note that nouns in English generally do not change their form to indicate the objective case. Only pronouns have distinct forms for the nominative, objective, and possessive cases.

By following these rules, you can use the objective case correctly in English to indicate direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions, and other related functions.

Examples of possessive pronouns include "mine," "hers," "ours," and "theirs," while possessive adjectives include "my," "his," "her," "our," and "their."

For instance, in the phrase "This is my car," the possessive adjective "my" indicates ownership.

Possessive case answers the question, ‘Whose?’

• Whose bat?
• - Joe’s bat

Use of Possessive Case

In English grammar, the possessive case is used to indicate ownership or possession. It is typically formed by adding an apostrophe and an "s" ('s) to the noun or pronoun. Here are some rules to keep in mind when using the possessive case in English:

Singular nouns: To show possession with singular nouns, add an apostrophe and an "s" ('s) to the noun.

1. John's car
2. The cat's tail
3. Mary's book

Plural nouns: To show possession with regular plural nouns, add an apostrophe after the final "s" of the noun.

1. The students' notebooks
2. The dogs' toys
3. The birds' nests

Irregular plural nouns: Some irregular plural nouns don't end in "s" in their plural form. To show possession with these nouns, add an apostrophe and an "s" ('s) to the noun.

1. The children's toys
2. The men's shirts
3. The women's shoes

Joint possession: When two or more nouns possess something jointly, only the last noun takes the possessive form.

1. John and Mary's house (The house belongs to both John and Mary.)
2. The company's CEO and founder (The CEO and founder are the same person.)

Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns already indicate possession, so they do not require an apostrophe. Examples include:

Mine

Yours

His

Hers

Ours

Theirs

Inanimate objects: In some cases, the possessive form can be used with inanimate objects to show a sense of ownership or association.

1.  The book's cover
2. The city's skyline
3. The table's legs 

Remember that the possessive case is used to indicate ownership or possession. Pay attention to the placement of the apostrophe and "s" ('s) when forming possessive nouns.

Here is a list of Nominative, Objective and Possessive Case forms of Pronouns: 

• Ricky, our captain, is a smart boy.

We see that Ricky and our captain are one and the same person. The noun captain follows the noun Ricky simply to explain which Ricky is he. 

When one noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in apposition to the noun which comes before it.

[Apposition means placing near.]

A noun in apposition is in the same case as the noun which it explains.

In the above sentence the noun captain is in apposition to the noun Ricky, and is in the Nominative Case; because Ricky is in the Nominative Case. 

Case of Nouns

It's worth noting that English nouns generally don't change their form to reflect case, with a few exceptions like the genitive case ("John's car" indicating possession).